胜博发官网娱乐app下载是一种合成的放射性元素，位于元素周期表的底部, along with other 锕系元素. 它于1950年在伯克利的加州大学辐射实验室首次被发现，当时是用α粒子(氦核)轰击curium。. 纯加利福尼亚金属具有银白色的外观，足够柔软，可以很容易地用刀片切割.
Initial experiments with californium in its concentrated form began in 1958. 从那时起, 20 isotopes of californium have been characterized, with mass numbers ranging from 237 to 256. One of these isotopes is californium-252, which was first isolated from a neutron-irradiated sample of plutonium-239. As an exclusively synthetically made element (it cannot be found in nature), 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252非常罕见，在高通量同位素反应堆或粒子加速器中通过中子轰击产生.
在这一页, KU娱乐官网app下载将介绍这种独特同位素的一些特性和用途，并提供额外的资源供您参考.
Californium Properties & 优势
自从1950年首次发现胜博发官网娱乐app下载以来，人们对它的性质已经了解了很多. A few basic details of this element include:
- Atomic symbol: Cf
- Atomic number: 98
- Atomic weight: 251
- Second-highest atomic mass of all known elements
- Categorized as an actinide element
- Exists in a solid phase at room temperature
- 熔点900°C(1652°F)，估计沸点1470°C(2678°F)
Californium-252 is the most commonly used isotope of californium, 特别是在核能和工业应用方面(详见下一节). It is a prolific neutron emitter, meaning it releases a substantial number of neutrons when it breaks apart. 一微克的胜博发官网娱乐app下载每分钟可以产生大约1.7亿个中子. 这种不寻常的特性使它具有高放射性和潜在的生物危害. If handled properly, 然而, this strong radioactivity is a valuable trait for specific applications.
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What is Californium Used For?
Although 20 isotopes of californium have been identified and characterized, most of them have issues that limit their applicability.
胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252因其更大的稳定性和特殊的中子发射能力而从其他胜博发官网娱乐app下载同位素中脱颖而出. 事实上, 它是目前唯一被认为具有实际应用价值的钙同位素. 它目前的应用跨越了广泛的行业和新的用途不断被发现. Some of the most common use cases include:
- 核. 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252可用作中子源，引发核裂变过程 反应堆.
- 医疗. In the medical field, 当其他放射治疗失败时，胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252释放的中子可以用来靶向某些癌症肿瘤.
- Oil and petrochemical. 当用于 well-logging applications, 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252的中子发射为钻井运营商提供了关键数据，使他们能够更好地了解周围区域.
- Material scanning. 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252的中子辐射可用于各种材料扫描操作. In prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA), 例如, neutron beams can be used to irradiate a sample, 从它发出的伽马射线可以被测量并用来确定物质的成分. Californium-252 can also serve as a neutron source for portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy (PINS), which enables the identification of contents in chemical warfare materials.
Understanding Californium Price
Although californium-252 is known for coming at a higher cost, 它仍然是一种极有价值的中子源，因为它具有自发裂变的能力, as well as costs of production. Some of the factors that influence the price of californium include:
- Limited availability. 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252不是一种自然存在的元素，只能在高通量同位素反应堆中产生. 全世界只有两个核反应堆能够生产Cf-252:橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)的高通量同位素反应堆(HFIR)和RIAR的SMR3, 俄罗斯.
- Production costs. 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252的生产过程从开始到结束大约需要两年的时间.
- Transportation costs. Because this isotope is highly radioactive, 它要求建造专门的A型运输集装箱，以保护货物在运输过程中不受损坏.
Safely Transporting Californium: Type A Radioactive Shipping Containers
胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252需要专门的运输集装箱才能安全运输. 中子指定的运输容器必须经过美国运输部A型规范7A包装的认证. 这些 Type A shipping containers 是否专门设计用于在生产设施和最终用户场所之间运输中子内容物.
At Frontier Technology Corporation (联邦贸易委员会), our californium shipping containers are designed and constructed in-house. KU娱乐官网app下载的设计在一系列不利条件下进行了严格的测试，以验证其强度. 这确保了集装箱的构造能够承受运输过程中可能出现的任何类型的威胁. In addition to specialized shipping containers, 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252的运输也需要消费者提供详细的文件. 这包括相关的目的地运输信息，以及指定如何以及在何处使用内容的最终用户声明.
Additional Californium Facts & Considerations
Since its discovery in 1950, 胜博发官网娱乐app下载已被广泛地表征，并在中子源应用中发现了许多有价值的用途. All of californium’s isotopes are radioactive and have varying half-lives. Californium-252 has a half-life of 2.645 years, and it is also the only isotope that spontaneously emits neutrons.
Because it is such a strong neutron emitter, californium-252 should be handled with extreme caution to avoid health hazards. 它可以通过吸入空气中的颗粒或摄入受污染的食物或饮料进入人体. Once it has entered the body, 65% will be deposited on bones, 25% will reach the liver, and the remainder will reach other organs or be excreted. It can cause cancer, as well as external tissue damage via gamma-ray emission. Even though neutron emitters can be very dangerous, 胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252以固体合金线的形式出现，泄漏放射性污染的风险较小.
For more information about californium, please visit 联邦贸易委员会’s Californium Facts or 常见问题解答 页面.
Californium-252 Neutron Sources at Frontier Technology Corporation (联邦贸易委员会)
胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252是胜博发官网娱乐app下载元素的一种放射性同位素，能够释放中子. This makes it an important neutron source for a variety of applications, from nuclear 反应堆 to material scanning devices.
Founded in 1984, 联邦贸易委员会 是否已成为全球领先的供应商和制造商，为各种工业和研究相关应用定制胜博发官网娱乐app下载-252源. In addition to our neutron source offerings, KU娱乐官网app下载还设计和建造KU娱乐官网app下载自己的高质量的A型放射性容器 water-extended polyester (WEP) shielding options for maximum protection during the shipping process. KU娱乐官网app下载所有的产品都符合严格的ODH，核管理委员会，ASTM和ANSI标准. 另外, as part of our commitment to safety and customer satisfaction, KU娱乐官网app下载提供退货计划，允许任何联邦贸易委员会制造的加利福尼亚源返回KU娱乐官网app下载的设施免费处理.
如果您想了解更多关于加州或联邦贸易委员会的服务和能力，请 KU娱乐官网app下载 今天.
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